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Vietnam
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Vietnam is a Southeast Asian country known for its beaches, rivers, Buddhist pagodas and bustling cities. Hanoi, the capital, pays homage to the nation’s iconic Communist-era leader, Ho Chi Minh, via a huge marble mausoleum. Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) has French colonial landmarks, plus Vietnamese War history museums and the Củ Chi tunnels, used by Viet Cong soldiers. ― Google
Capital: Hanoi
Population: 97.34 million (2020) World Bank
Currency: Vietnamese dong
Gross domestic product: 271.2 billion USD (2020) World Bank
Official language: Vietnamese

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Vietnam - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Vietnam
vietnam from en.wikipedia.org
Vietnam borders China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, ...
Capital: Hanoi; 21°2′N 105°51′E / 21.033°N ...‎
Government: Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party ...
Largest city: Ho Chi Minh City; 10°48′N 106°...‎
Demonym(s): Vietnamese
‎Vietnam War · ‎North Vietnam · ‎Provinces of Vietnam · ‎President of Vietnam
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Vietnam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Vietnam (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 16°N 108°E

Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam  (Vietnamese)
Flag of Vietnam
Flag
Emblem of Vietnam
Emblem
Motto: Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc
"Independence – Liberty – Happiness"
Anthem: Tiến Quân Ca
"Army March"
1:12
Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg
Show globe
Show map of ASEAN
Show all
Location of Vietnam (green)
in ASEAN (dark grey)  –  [Legend]

Capital Hanoi
21°2′N 105°51′E
Largest city Ho Chi Minh City
10°48′N 106°39′E
National language Vietnamese[n 1]
Ethnic groups (2019)
85.32% Kinh Vietnamese
14.68% Others[2]
Religion (2019)
45.3% Folk
28.4% No religion
14.9% Buddhism
8.5% Christianity
1.5% Hoahaoism
1.2% Caodaism
0.2% Others[3]
Demonym(s) Vietnamese
Government Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic
• General Secretary
Nguyễn Phú Trọng
• President
Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
• Prime Minister
Phạm Minh Chính
• National Assembly Chairman
Vương Đình Huệ
Legislature National Assembly
Formation
• Pre-historic and medieval Vietnam
before 1500
• Empire of Việt Nam proclaimed
1804
• Proclamation of Independence
2 September 1945
• Geneva Accords
21 July 1954
• Fall of Saigon
30 April 1975
• Reunification
2 July 1976
• Current constitution
28 November 2013[n 2]
Area
• Total
331,699 km2 (128,070 sq mi) (66th)
• Water (%)
6.38
Population
• 2019 census
96,208,984[2] (15th)
• Density
295.0/km2 (764.0/sq mi) (29th)
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
• Total
Increase $1.278 trillion[5] (25th)
• Per capita
Increase $12,881[5] (111th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
• Total
Increase $408.947 billion[5] (39th)
• Per capita
Increase $4,122[5] (139th)
Gini (2018) Positive decrease 35.7[6]
medium
HDI (2019) Increase 0.704[7]
high · 117th
Currency đồng (₫) (VND)
Time zone UTC+07:00 (Vietnam Standard Time)
Date format dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side right
Calling code +84
ISO 3166 code VN
Internet TLD .vn

This article contains Vietnamese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ nôm, chữ Hán and chữ quốc ngữ.
Vietnam, or Viet Nam (Vietnamese: Việt Nam, [vîət nāːm] (listen)), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,[n 3] is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and largest city Ho Chi Minh City.[n 4]

Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under Chinese rule from 111 BC, until the first dynasty emerged in 939. Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. The Nguyễn—the last imperial dynasty—fell to French colonisation in 1887. Following the August Revolution, the nationalist Viet Minh under the leadership of communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh proclaimed independence from France in 1945.

Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. After World War II, France returned to reclaim colonial power in the First Indochina War, from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. The Vietnam War began shortly after, during which the nation was divided into communist North supported by the Soviet Union and China, and anti-communist South supported by the United States. Upon the North Vietnamese victory in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a unitary socialist state under the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in 1976. An ineffective planned economy, a trade embargo by the West, and wars with Cambodia and China crippled the country further. In 1986, the CPV initiated economic and political reforms similar to the Chinese economic reform, transforming the country to a market-oriented economy. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into global economy and politics.

A developing country with a lower-middle-income economy, Vietnam is nonetheless one of the fastest growing economies of the 21st century, with GDP predicted to rival developed nations by 2050. Vietnam has high levels of corruption, censorship and a poor human rights record; the country ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, freedom of the press and freedom of religion and ethnic minorities. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions including the ASEAN, the APEC, the CPTPP, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, and the WTO. It has assumed a seat on the United Nations Security Council twice.
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Economy
Main article: Economy of Vietnam

Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam
Share of world GDP (PPP)[5]
Year Share
1980 0.18%
1990 0.23%
2000 0.32%
2010 0.43%
2018 0.52%
A tree map of Vietnam's exports in 2012
Tree map showing Vietnam's exports
Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on agriculture—primarily wet rice cultivation.[262] Bauxite, an important material in the production of aluminium, is mined in central Vietnam.[263] Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through Five Year Plans decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.[264] The collectivisation of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, corruption in state-owned enterprises, poor quality and underproduction.[265][266][267] With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the Eastern bloc in the late 1980s, and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the negative impacts of the post-war trade embargo imposed by the United States,[268][269] Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by devaluing its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.[270]

Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81 located in Bình Thạnh, Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon).
In 1986, the Sixth National Congress of the CPV introduced socialist-oriented market economic reforms as part of the Đổi Mới reform program. Private ownership began to be encouraged in industry, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were restructured to operate under market constraints.[271][272] This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.[273] As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.[274][275] The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.[276] Although the 1997 Asian financial crisis caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,[271] and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.[277][278] According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO), growth remained strong despite the late-2000s global recession, holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010 and the currency, the Vietnamese đồng, was devalued three times.[279][280]

Deep poverty, defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India and the Philippines.[281] This decline can be attributed to equitable economic policies aimed at improving living standards and preventing the rise of inequality.[282] These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the Đổi Mới program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.[283][284] Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.[282][285] Manufacturing, information technology and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the oil industry, it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of 318,000 barrels per day (50,600 m3/d).[286] In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude petroleum producer in the Asia and Pacific region.[287] The US bought the highest amount of Vietnam's exports,[288] while goods from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.[289]

Based on findings by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2022, the unemployment rate in Vietnam was 2.4%, the nominal GDP US$408.947 billion, and a nominal GDP per capita $4,122.[5][290] Besides the primary sector economy, tourism has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94 million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.[291]

Agriculture
Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa
Terraced rice fields in Sa Pa
As a result of several land reform measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of cashew nuts, with a one-third global share;[292] the largest producer of black pepper, accounting for one-third
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of the world's market;[293] and the second-largest rice exporter in the world after Thailand since the 1990s.[294] Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of coffee.[295] The country has the highest proportion of land use for permanent crops together with other states in the Greater Mekong Subregion.[296] Other primary exports include tea, rubber and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen.

Seafood
The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and aquaculture was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.[297]

Science and technology
Main article: Science and technology in Vietnam
Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot
A Vietnamese-made TOPIO 3.0 humanoid ping-pong-playing robot displayed during the 2009 International Robot Exhibition (IREX) in Tokyo.[298][299]
In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.[300] Since the dynastic era, Vietnamese scholars have developed many academic fields especially in social sciences and humanities. Vietnam has a millennium-deep legacy of analytical histories, such as the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư of Ngô Sĩ Liên. Vietnamese monks, led by the abdicated Emperor Trần Nhân Tông, developed the Trúc Lâm Zen branch of philosophy in the 13th century.[301] Arithmetic and geometry have been widely taught in Vietnam since the 15th century, using the textbook Đại thành toán pháp by Lương Thế Vinh. Lương Thế Vinh introduced Vietnam to the notion of zero, while Mạc Hiển Tích used the term số ẩn (Eng: "unknown/secret/hidden number") to refer to negative numbers. Furthermore, Vietnamese scholars produced numerous encyclopaedias, such as Lê Quý Đôn's Vân đài loại ngữ.

In modern times, Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in mathematics. Hoàng Tụy pioneered the applied mathematics field of global optimisation in the 20th century,[302] while Ngô Bảo Châu won the 2010 Fields Medal for his proof of fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms.[303][304] Since the establishment of the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national space flight program especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.[305][306] Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of robots, such as the TOPIO humanoid model.[298][299] One of Vietnam's main messaging apps, Zalo, was developed by Vương Quang Khải, a Vietnamese hacker who later worked with the country's largest information technology service company, the FPT Group.[307]

Vietnamese science students working on an experiment in their university lab.
Vietnamese science students working on an experiment in their university lab.
According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.[308] Vietnam was ranked 44th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.[309][310][311][312] Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' Web of Science increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.[313] Publications focus mainly on life sciences (22%), physics (13%) and engineering (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.[313] Almost 77% of all papers published between 2008 and 2014 had at least one international co-author. The autonomy which Vietnamese research centres have enjoyed since the mid-1990s has enabled many of them to operate as quasi-private organisations, providing services such as consulting and technology development.[313] Some have 'spun off' from the larger institutions to form their own semi-private enterprises, fostering the transfer of public sector science and technology personnel to these semi-private establishments. One comparatively new university, the Tôn Đức Thắng University which was built in 1997, has already set up 13 centres for technology transfer and services that together produce 15% of university revenue. Many of these research centres serve as valuable intermediaries bridging public research institutions, universities, and firms.[313]

Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Vietnam
Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination
Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a major tourist destination.
Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7 million, came from Asia; namely China (4 million), South Korea (2.6 million), and Japan (798,119).[314] Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9 million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from Russia (574,164), followed by the United Kingdom (283,537), France (255,396), and Germany (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and Australia (370,438).[314]



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